Parvar Protected Aera is located in the north-eastern of Semnan County in Semnan province of Iran. This area has the rich fauna and flora because of the various climates. This study was done in order to the identification of snakes' fauna in Parvar Protected Area from April to September 2013. Sampling was performed from morning to night in different parts of the Parvar Protected Area. Specimens were transferred to the Laboratory and metric and meristic characters were evaluated after identification. Totally, 25 specimens were collected in Parvar Protected Area and 10 species were identified belonging to seven genera and Colubridae and Viperidae families including: Dolichophis schmiditi, Platyceps najadum najadum, Platyceps ventromacalatus ventrimaculatus, Platyceps karelini karelini, Elaphe dione dione, Hemorrhois ravergieri, Natrix tessellata tessellata, Natrix natrix natrix, Macrovipera lebetina obtusa and Gloydius halys caucasicus. Elaphe dione dione has the highest frequency and Platyceps karelini karenini has the lowest frequency in this area.

In recent years, increase in human-induced habitat disturbances and illegal hunting have led to reduction and isolation of the remaining populations of the brown bear. Despite its ecological importance on the health of natural ecosystems, there is a data scarcity on the genetic diversity and kinship relationships between individuals in the remaining populations. Advances in the DNA extraction from non-invasive samples has facilitated genetic studies on vulnerable species. In the present study, we used non-invasive sampling methods to assess genetic diversity indices, the probability of genetic identity among individuals, and the number of unique genotypes in the samples in order to estimate the minimum number of brown bears in the Parvar protected area. A total of 10 microsatellites were amplified using the extracted DNA from non-invasive samples. The overall observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content were estimated 0. 51, 0. 57, and 0. 5 respectively. The probability of identity indices (i. e. PID sib and PID unbiased) were 0. 078 and 0. 0032 respectively. Also, a total of 19 unique genotypes were identified. Our results showed that despite the low quality of non-invasive extracted DNAs, the amplified microsatellites had statistically effectiveness in identifying samples, assessing probability of genetic identity, and estimating minimum population size. The adopted approach in the present study can be used as a guideline for estimating population size and evaluating kinship relationships between individuals, especially for threatened carnivores, using non-invasive sampling approach.

The dynamics of spatial structure play a major role in understanding the mechanisms of forest structure and the formation of biodiversity, and largely determine the sustainability of the forest and its productivity. As part of a long-term monitoring project, the present study was conducted to assess the structure of juniper (Juniperus excelsa M.B.) stands in the Parvar protected area of Semnan province in the Irano-Touranian vegetation zone. Two permanent sample plots, each one hectare, were randomly selected, and the quantitative characteristics of woody species were measured and recorded using the full calipering inventory method. The structural characteristics of the stands were calculated based on the nearest neighbor indices. In sample plot one, juniper was the most abundant species, accounting for 49.7% (94 stems), while Rosa canina was the least abundant, with 4.8% (9 stems). Berberis integerrima and Cerasus microcarpa accounted for 39.7% and 5.8% of abundance, respectively. Sample plot two, with 75 stems per hectare, consisted of only two species: juniper (54 stems, 72%) and barberry (21 stems, 28%). The Clarke and Evans index and uniform angle indices indicated a clustered spatial distribution pattern of trees. The species mingling index for the entire stand in sample plots one and two was 0.46 and 0.38, respectively, indicating moderate mixing. The combined structural diversity index value was 0.47 and 0.48 in sample plots one and two, respectively, suggesting high diversity in the investigated stands. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of these indices in estimating the horizontal structure of forest stands, providing valuable information essential for management and decision-making processes.

Today, nature profit and touring in it is called ecotourism which is an important part of tourism activities. There are weather varieties, natural gifts in Mahdishahr, also historical great's heritage, cultural art, cultural architecture, hand craft, precious works and also different beautiful attraction such as parvar protected region with different worth, beautiful valley splendid slop, heights, vegetable and animal special makes this region have necessary abilities for any enjoyable program particularly in different part of tourism and ecotourism. Parvar protected region and Mahdishahr city play a special role in dividend system field to the extension of country tourism using enjoying various abilities in different fields. Study results can be considered as model pattern for applying environmental abilities and systematic outlook in developmental programming and recognition of necessary capabilities for different parts of tourism and ecotourism and lead to compiling regulations and laws for different kinds of permissible and conditional application in region.

The aim of this study was to recognize plant communities of Box tree (Buxus hyrcana Pojark.) stands in the Khybus protected area, located in the middle part of Hyrcanian forests (north of Iran). Vegetation releves, 64 numbers, were made at peak vegetation cover during last summer by systematic-selective method in 200 and 400 meter grid dimensions by consideration indicator stands concept. By using Braun-Blanquet tabular method, six distinct plant communities including three associations: Rusco hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis, Buxus Hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis and Tilia sp.-Buxetum hyrcana with three subasociations: Rusco hyrcani- Fagetum orientalis Lauroceraetosum officinalis, Buxus Hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis parrotioetosum persica and Buxus Hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis aceretosum velutinum were determined. By using two way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN, six plant communities were recognized. Braun-Blanquet tabular method and TWINSPAN fitness were estimated as 98.4% based on similar membership of relves in each plant community. Moreover, plant communities based on two first DCA axes, which represent 33% of total variances in whole of floristic data, revealed that each plant community had its own range and rather clear bordeline. Totally, results of this study not only describe plant communities of Khybus protected area as a climax model of Hyrcanian mountainous forests for the first time but also confirm that subjective Braun-Blanquet method, despite the development of numerical methods in multivariate classification of vegetation, can be used as an efficient method of separation and classification of forest sites.

The Geno protected area is located in Hormozgan province, 30 km North west of BandarAbbas between latitudes (27o18'50"-27o29'16" N) and longitudes(55° 57'30"-56o18'4"E), at about 50 to 2347m above sea level. It covers an area of about 43000 hectares. In order to introuduce the plant associations of Genu protected area, 135 releves in different association individuals were recorded using the braun–blanquet school. Phytosociological data were analysed by AFC and CAH methods, Using the computer program of Anaphyto. 20 associations and one subassociation were distinguished. The most species reachness was observed in Acer monspessulani- Juniperetum excelsae and Ebeno stellatae- Amygdaletum scopariae associations. Meanwhile the native flora in sandy soils of low lands and plains seems to be threathened by the exotic species, Prosopis juliflora.

Bisotun Protected area, a mountainous region, covers an area of 82100 hectares that includes an area of 31250 hectare wildlife refuge and protected area with an area of 50850 hectares.The Area is located in the Zagros Mountains, Mid-Western side of Iran, Kermanshah province. This area due to range of altitude, physiographic factors, micro-climates and different soil types has several ecological small niches that are occupied by different plants. A total of 375 taxa, including 50 families and 220 genera have been identified from the area. Of these two families include two genera and three species belonging to Pteridophytes, 48 families (43 dicotyledones and five monocotyledones) belong to flowering plants. The most important plant families were Asteraceae, Poaceae, Papilionaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Lamiaceae respectively. The genusAstragalus constitutes the largest genus in the area. Therophytes had the highest frequency and follow them, Hemicryptophytes, Geophytes, Chamaephytes and Phanerophytes respectively. The elements of Irano-Turanian region constitute more than 63% of plants that represent area belongs to this phytogeographical region as well as the sector of Kurdo-Zagrosian. After the plants of Irano -Turanian region, bi and plurregional plant elements have the most frequencies. Endemic species make up 9.33% of the region's flora. The discovery of new speciesAstragalus ciceropsis, A. montis-parrowii and Onosma bisotunensis and new recorded Crucianella macrostachyafrom the protected area in recent years shows a previously unknown flora and its plant richness.

Studying on the species diversity and evaluating the variation of it during different years has had very important role in identifying the changes and weak wildlife management. In this survey we did a study on species diversity and population variation of terrestrial bird of Parvar Protected Area in Semnan province during a year. Parvar Protected Area is one of the critical habitats which have the capability of promoting a higher level of Iran protected areas category as a national park. Climate variation has led to species diversity and we could identify more than one fourth of the bird species existing in the whole country. North and northwest forests of Parvar which are the borders of Iranian Hircanian forests and Irano-touranian climate in the east and southeast where have resulted in the high species richness. We identified 161 bird species belonging to 13 orders. The most known bird species are related to the summer with 2063 pieces. 47 species are native, 21 species were identified in nesting season, 18 species were identified in winter and others were passing species. Passeriformes were dominant by 68% and Falconiformes were about 13%. We could identify only one water bird, Common Teal, and two shore birds during the study period.

Protected areas are considered the most sensitive natural environments, and human actions, especially tourism activities, if not managed, can cause irreparable damage to these areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of tourism on the protected area of ​​Shaskooh. The general approach of this research was quantitative and the data collection was based on library resources and survey method. The statistical population of the study was the residents of the surrounding villages and within the protected area of ​​Shaskooh. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods including frequency and percentage, as well as inferential statistical methods including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Chi-square test were used. The results indicate that based on the calculated significance level (sig=0. 000), it can be concluded with 99% confidence level that the plant species are facing positive and negative consequences of tourism at a high level. Moreover, regarding the animal species and the environment of the villages, the findings show that tourism has had positive effects on a high level,however, the negative effects of tourism at a medium to low level are also visible on animal species and villages. Therefore, the development of tourism in the protected area of Shaskooh, has led to positive consequences in the protection of plant and animal species in the area and improved the environment of the surrounding villages. On the other hand, the biodiversity of the region and the environment of the surrounding villages are also facing threats from tourism activities. In this regard, it is necessary to define a suitable management system in the field of tourism to reduce and control the negative effects of tourism as much as possible, and to strengthen the positive consequences of tourism.